Comparison Of Internal And External Conflicts And Their...

The comparison of internal and external conflicts and their affects on lives. Essay? HOOK: The story Blue Winds Dancing by Thomas S. Whitecloud demonstrates the experience of a native man transitioning to his life into a white society. It exhibits the internal and external struggles in the native’s life that he encounters throughout his life. However, the native is an outcast and has a longing to go back to his native reserve. In comparison, Angel Levine by Bernard Malamud describes the life of a Jewish man, named Manischevitz, who lost everything: his children, his business, and his wife because of her fatal illness. He reaches out to God, but there is no response which also leads him to lose†¦show more content†¦Manischevitz is distraught when a Black Angel appears to help, and he realises that all hope is lost. This negatively affects Mr. Manischevitz because he seeks affirmation from God, although, he does not believe in the black angel s powers. This leads Manischevitz down a spiral where he smote to the naked bones, cursing himself for having believed † in God to help him in his time of need. On the other hand, in Blue Winds Dancing, the native also undergoes an internal conflict; the native feels alone and lost in the White world. He feels like an outsider with no place in the white world that he desperately wants to accept him. The native compares himself to a hobo because they both are outsiders because they cherish different things from a typical white man. Additionally, the native in the story does not have a name to symbolize that his experience is very similar to many other natives who want to be apart of the white world. Overall, the native is having an Identity crisis because he does not know whether to acculturate and become like every other white man or go back to the blanket because it is familiar to him. He longs for home because he does not agree with the white man s customs of getting a hill and wanting a mountain. He wants to return back home where people can be free and the native can truly be himself. These internal conflicts are similar because both protagonists encounter identity crises which cause them to seek affirmation in their faithShow MoreRelatedComplicated and Tragic Stories of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzerald1140 Words   |  5 Pagescompletely separate time a young entrepreneur, Jay Gatsby, struggles to exist within a world of wealth in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Their battle for existence is evident through each authors use of characterization, internal, and external conflict. And, similar to you each of their stories is long, complicated and tragic. In the novel The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, Tom appears no different from others his age, like most he works, goes to the movies and is chasing hisRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1575 Words   |  7 Pageshad low self-esteem prior to being raped, she will have an increased likihood of being diagnosed with PTSD. This is due to the fact that she is already emotionally impaired and may not have the coping skills to overcome the trauma on her own in comparison to a woman with high self-esteem. â€Å"Impaired functioning is exhibited across social, interpersonal, developmental, educational, physical health, and occupational domains† (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 279). According to the DSM-5, thereRead MoreStakeholders Of The Hospital s Internal And External Stakeholders1588 Words   |  7 Pagesfor him to consider how his decisions and actions affect the stakeholders of the hospital. In the course of his daily activities Dr. Do Right wil l interact and impact many of the hospital’s internal and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are be committed to an organization’s success. Often internal stakeholders will participate in the strategic development of coordinating resources to fund and sustain an operation. Examples of internal stakeholders which Dr. DoRight might engage daily wouldRead MoreAn Introduction to Organizational Behavior1638 Words   |  7 Pagesof managers ï  ® planning: define goals that flow from the business strategy, set performance objectives, and create action plans ï  ® organizing: divide up the tasks and establish work roles or department ï  ® leading: communicate, motivate, and manage conflict ï  ® controlling: monitor financial and human performance ï  ® concerned with financial, technological, and human and intellectual capitals - roles of managers ï  ® interpersonal: figureheads, leader, liaison ï  ® informational: monitor, disseminator ofRead MoreBulimia Nervosa Argument1639 Words   |  7 Pagesimage in order to reduce the rise of developing an eating disorder of any sort. This technical workshop was designed to go against boosting self esteem by pointing out each person s uniqueness but instead teach the girls how to control of their lives (Fairburn). 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Bildungsroman literature in the 20th century embodies the virtues of different authors’ contexts and cultures, influencing the fictional stories of children’s lives around the world.. The Bluest Eye is a 1970 publication by Toni Morrison set in 1940s Ohio in America, focal around the consequence of racism in an American community on the growth of a child, distinct in its use of a range of narrative perspectivesRead MoreEliot s The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagessociety because they do not fit into the mainstream social customs. Being that the dominant culture is accepted without any opposition, when members of groups that are not a part of this already established culture are presented the possibility of conflicts or tensions might arise. Either the individual themselves will feel a developed sense of anxiety over what others will think or the rest of society will decide that they must do something to deal with this individual’s s tatus. 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Lin Zexu Free Essays

The letter prepared by Lin Zexu is written in a kind, compassionate tone. The high-profile government administrator writes to the British queen in an attempt to persuade her to help the Chinese prevent opium traffic in their land. Although his pleadings were eloquent and far-reaching, he was not successful in his attempt since the British undertook no action. We will write a custom essay sample on Lin Zexu or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the letter never made it to the Queen, it was published in a British newspaper (Travis, Hanes, 2002, p.41). The responsibility Lin Zexu places on the British was serious in many ways. He blames upon the British their disrespectful treatment of the nation that has for centuries maintained good relations with them and enabled them to realize large profits from their trade. The official points out that this trade was so beneficial for the British that they did not hesitate to sail to China from another end of the world. He also stresses that British merchants can be both scrupulous and unscrupulous: â€Å"among the unscrupulous are those who bring opium to China to harm the Chinese; they succeed so well that this poison has spread far and wide in all the provinces† (Zexu, 1839). Lin Zexu especially stresses that the Chinese government was nothing but nice toward foreign traders. They (at least in the opinion of the official) were granted every right so that they could feel comfortable in the area. However, many of the merchants chose to act in a dishonest way, causing a situation that necessitated the writing of the letter. Lin also emphasizes the favorable treatment of people from England, noting that â€Å"the Celestial Empire, following its traditional policy of treating foreigners with kindness, has been doubly considerate towards the people from England† (Zexu, 1839).   He is quick to connect this trade with the current prosperity of the English, omitting perhaps by mistake the fact that Britain traded with a number of countries, and a broad base of partners also contributed to its current prosperity. The official also points out that the stuff brought from China was composed mainly of â€Å"useful items† whereas opium is hardly so (Zexu, 1839).   Lin describes a variety of problems that China experiences because of the opium imported on British ships. He talks about the poison that is killing people. He also talks not only about the ugly nature of the opium, but also about the inability of the government to control the country. He blames the British for disobedience of the Chinese laws, stating that they are responsible for the damage inflicted upon people who fall victim to the penalties envisaged in the local criminal law. Thus, he says, â€Å"since a Chinese could not peddle or smoke opium if foreigners had not brought it to China, it is clear that the true culprits of a Chinese`s death as a result of an opium conviction are the opium traders from foreign countries† (Zexu, 1839). This statement seems a little disputable, but it was not without reason: indeed, the nation has already set its laws, and whoever pushes a Chinese person to disregard those was clearly making a disservice to this person, putting him and his family in danger of capital punishment. The way Lin Zexu blames the British reveals a weakness in the position of the Chinese authorities. Clearly, the government was not able to control the spread of drugs through its own efforts, otherwise it would not need to do things like ask foreign governments for assistance in solving their internal problems. In the modern world, governments tend to cooperate to combat crime rings and smuggling; however, in the Victorian world, such hope was rather elusive. In addition, almost no government could dictate to another whether it needs to eliminate opium plantations or undertake any other measures for managing internal affairs. The way Lin Zexu puts it, which seems rather rude and lacking in diplomacy, is a true revelation of the extent to which China needs to get this problem solved. Talking to the British queen in his letter, he says that â€Å"it is hereby suggested that you destroy and plow under all of these opium plants and grow food crops instead, while issuing an order to punish severely anyone who dares to plant opium poppies again† (Zexu, 1839).   He ends this paragraph with the pending question â€Å"why do you not do it?† (Zexu, 1839). This once again demonstrates reliance on the British to get the problem solved. The main reason why Queen Victoria ignored the request could have something to with the internal situation in Britain. The nation lived for the most part off overseas trade and wanted to preserve its source of income. If British ships were implicated in opium trade in China, this probably did not bother the queen that much. In those times, monarchs were far less interested in preserving the good name of their countries. After all, the British Crown could be accused of taking part in the trade or sponsoring it. In this light, it made sense to sort issues out by not responding to the message. This is why Lin Zexu was not successful even though his message is quite appealing in style. Closing the discussion, it is worthwhile noting that the problems with opium trade in China closely resemble many of the issues that exist in the modern world. Many people suffer from adverse actions on the part of foreign and their own governments that either overlook or fail to suppress harmful practices such as drug trade. Actually, drug trafficking persists on even a larger scale today. To this date, many governments fail to find an adequate framework for cooperation, losing their chance to overcome the problem. As in the times of Lin Zexu and Queen Victoria, there are many hidden motives involved so that officials are often interested in preserving the business that helps them make money. Therefore, this letter can serve as a useful source to consult for those willing to learn from the past mistakes. References Hanes III, W. T. and Sanello, F. (2002). The Opium Wars. Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks. Zexu, L. (1839). Letter to Queen Victoria.             How to cite Lin Zexu, Essay examples

Rock-Solid Abs free essay sample

When I was nine, one of my favorite things to say to classmates was, â€Å"I have rock-solid abs. Really, I do. Punch me in the stomach and I’ll prove it.† Few people took me up on this unusual offer, but those who did touch my abdomen were surprised to find that it was, indeed, unnaturally hard. One classmate even compared me to a robot. But truthfully, I did not have exceptionally strong abdominal muscles, nor was I a robot; my belly felt hard to the touch because I wore a back brace underneath my clothes. In the summer before I entered fourth grade, I was diagnosed with scoliosis, a spinal deformity that, if left untreated, can cause crippling back pain and other health problems. Doctors told me that I would need to wear a rigid back brace for twenty hours per day, every day, in order to slow the condition’s progression. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock-Solid Abs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The brace, a cumbersome plastic body cast that wrapped around my torso, was designed to hold my spine straight while I completed my skeletal growth. At the time, nobody really knew how many years the treatment would need to last. Within days of beginning my bracing regimen, I was distraught. The corset-like brace was so tight that I struggled to breathe, and every flight of stairs left me gasping for air. With my clumsy movements and unnaturally stiff posture, I walked more like a wind-up toy than a normal nine-year-old. I tossed and turned at night, kept awake by the pain of my aching back and my sore, blistered skin. My four daily hours of freedom were not enough; I longed for my old body. The next few years weren’t much easier. One day in seventh grade, a friend pulled me aside in the hallway to tell me that someone had taped a sign to my back. Scrawled in sloppy handwriting on a sheet of lined paper, the sign read, â€Å"Kick me. I can’t feel it through my brace anyway.† I smiled half-heartedly at my friend and feigned amusement, but fought back tears as I walked away. I wanted my peers to see my strengths: my intelligence, my kindness, and my thoughtfulness. Instead, I felt that I was being defined by my disability. It would be dishonest of me to claim that I ever fully made peace with having to wear a brace. Years into the treatment, I still hated that I couldn’t bend over to pick up a dropped pencil or get dressed in the morning without help. Gradually, though, I did realize that self-pity and anger solved nothing. I learned not to value conformity above all else, to be comfortable in my own skin whether or not all of my peers accepted me. I am so many things – a student, an artist, an activist, an athlete, and a person who has scoliosis. No one of these labels, on its own, completely defines me. Ultimately, I wore a back brace full-time through the fall of my junior year. Doctors now believe that the treatment was successful and that my chances of having an adulthood free of back pain are excellent. I am especially thankful for this outcome considering that many children who develop scoliosis before age ten, as I did, do not respond to bracing and require invasive spinal surgery. Having persevered through a long, difficult bracing regimen is not the type of flashy achievement that earns me the praise of others. Yet it is, in many ways, my proudest accomplishment. Wearing a brace every day for seven years fostered in me a humble, quiet kind of strength that I believe will serve me well as I move forward. I am no longer a person who quits easily. In addition, the experience gave me a powerful, albeit limited, glimpse into the struggles of people with disabilities. As the sister of someone who has Down syndrome, autism, and severe vision impairment, this was especially eye-opening. Challenges look a lot different when you’ve had a taste of them yourself. Although I would never have chosen to wear a brace, I can now see that, literally and metaphorically, the experience shaped me into the person I am today. As I have come to appreciate, what holds us back and what propels us forward are often one and the same.

Shuzworld Company

Workflow at Shuzworld (Discussion and Recommendations) Shuzworld’s case embraces the aspects of workflow. This section of the paper discusses the workflow provisions and provides appropriate recommendations applicable in this context.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shuzworld Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will ensure credible workflow augmentation in the Shuzworld Company with specific reference to Chinese plants. For example, the workflow in the production system is not efficient enough to serve growing demands for several types of shoes globally. It is notable that the company takes nearly 46 minutes to produce one Rugged Wear Workboots product. There are recommendation on how this timeframe can be reduced (per process) to ensure efficiency, quality, and enhanced output. Workflow recommendations and Justifications Firstly, it is recommendable for the company to use sound management princi ples and decision analysis in order to make sense of the available options. Although it is impossible to merge some of the processes due to protocol disparities, it is recommendable to restructure the production line as Catherine Pang drew it on the white board. The company will save time and money as demanded by any proficient workflow. This is a critical provision when considered critically. It is notable that the workflow can either proceed to B or C after passing through process A. Process E and F can also be selected for viability and time factor. Supportively, Shuzworld should use process ACDEGH, which will consume only 36 minutes instead of the current 46 minutes. Thus, it is appropriate to assert that the company should restructure its production line/processes as shown the subsequent output forms. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shuzworld’s Rugged Wear Wo rkboot Assembly Schedule Task Prospected time after merging (Minutes) Predecessors A 10 None C 3 A D 8 C E 3 D G 3 E H 9 G TOTAL 36 Another recommendation is that the company can increase the number of its workstations within china in order to curb the workflow challenges. Additionally, it can purchase more machines that will be able to handle numerous tasks simultaneously. Relying on fewer machines might distract the production system especially when one machine breaks down. Another recommendation is for the company to hire proficient and reliable workforce capable of operating the machines faster and accurately. This will help in enhancing the workflow and other related concerns. Additionally, Shuzworld ought to improve the efficiency of its plants by enhancing competence and providing the correct number of workstations. The company should also schedule the production of new products coherently in order to enhance the workflow. It is also important to enhance t he reliability of the three machines meant to produce casual deck shoes. One production process should not interfere with others. Notably, the company has been grappling with the reliability of machines. If one machine breaks down, the production is highly affected. Indeed, no shoes are produced if one machine has a problem. Therefore, there is the need for the company to improve the reliability of the machines in the plant by acquiring other reliable ones. These should be put on standby waiting to replace the broken ones. This will obviously enhance operations and the ultimate output of the concerned operators. Alternatively, the company can hire new employees, train them appropriately, and nurture their workmanship in order to enhance the workflow, productivity, and profitability of the company. This decision will reduce delays, lower labor costs and improved output.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shuzworld Company specifically for you for only $1 6.05 $11/page Learn More With regard to frequent machine breakdowns, the company can acquire new machine models or hire qualified machine repairers then distribute them to different plants for reliability and efficiency. Another recommendation is to assign operators on jobs they know best. Instead of having four operators, whose labor costs shift from one process to another, the company can facilitate the specialization of employees on single jobs. For instance, job machine operator C ought to handle process 1 owing to reduced amounts of costs. Indeed, the company can save at least $3 dollars in this process. Second, Machine operator B ought to handle process 2 due to the cost efficiency as well. Process 3 should be the work machine operator D while the last process should be the work of operator A. Job Machine Operator A B C D 1 $10 $12 $10 $11 2 11 9 11 11 3 9 8 11 9 4 10 8 9 10 Justification Output By improving the company’s workflow, the co mpany will increase its output. At the outset, there will be an apparent and a marginal reduction of labor costs ($4) associated with machine operators. Besides, specialization improves the quality and the flow of work due to the improved skills for the specialists as depicted by Ryan (2009). Second, the company will also enhance its ability to meet its customers’ needs without having by increasing its machines and hiring some skilled professionals. Although the company will incur significant costs by hiring more laborers to handle the new sandal line, it will break even within the second month of operation. Therefore, no customers will be waiting in the line. Below is the output form after the required changes. Copy of the prospected output Task Prospected time after merging (Minutes) Predecessors A 10 None C 3 A D 8 C E 3 D G 3 E H 9 G TOTAL 36 Output for machine operators Job Preferred operator Cost 1 A $10 2 D $11 3 B 8 4 C 9 Work Flow A nalysis Tool The Shuzwolrd case demand a viable workflow analysis tool, which addresses all the issues fronted to the new employee ranging from the assembly line issues to inventory challenges. The decision analysis tool was chosen because it was comprehensive and could tackle all the issue that faces the company. Additionally, it could give quick and well-analyzed resolutions to the issue faced within the company and the industry at large. Concurrently, the tool could be used specifically in some areas to address particular issues raised by Cynthia Crowninshield, Alistair Wu, Catherine Pang, and Gloria Rodriguez among others.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, when analyzing the mall store sales, the tool can prefers on employing one efficient cashier for cost effectiveness. Another reason behind this choice is the ability to attain precise decisions on critical matters. It is important to claim that the analysis tool used in scrutinizing the mentioned workflow and other relevant provision is viable, feasible, and applicable in various contexts. It is from this concern that the entire workflow concerns rest. Precisely, the tool used is practicable, considerable and comprehensible indicating its applicability in this context. This is an important consideration. Cost Analysis Analysis of the initial and ongoing costs The entire costs that the company incurs include the costs associated with inefficiencies evident in highlighted workflow analysis ranging from assembly line issues to transportation factors among other provisions. The Maui Sandal Project presents the company with a huge opportunity to improve its global appeal and ultimately its revenues. The production costs of women’s shoes are quite varying. This depends on the four machine operators with regard to which job type each one of them assumes (Fischer, 2008). It is important to assign each operator on a job, which he does best. This will help in reducing the costs indicated upon analysis. Additionally, the transportation costs assumed by each plant while serving each of the three warehouses vary considerably. It is notable from analysis that the cost incurred by Shuzworld F (on a per unit basis) is higher when shipping products to warehouse 3 ($6 per unit). Nonetheless, it is cheaper to move from Shuzworld F to warehouse 1 ($2 per unit). Concurrently, the Shanghai plant incurs a considerable cost when transporting products to warehouse 1 ($4 per unit). It is crucial to note that the three plants can reassign their operations such that each plant ships its products to less costly destinations. Additionally, the plan by the Shanghai plant to increase its capacity from 1300 units to 2800 units translates to additional costs despite the benefits. Nonetheless, demand for more products has not increased as stated by Alistair Wu. The inventory costs are equally infuriating. Shuzworld utilizes 300,000 pairs of shoelaces annually. The cost is estimated at $125 each time an order is made to the supplier. Since the cost of storing shoelaces in inventory is 10 cents a pair, it is improper to stock or purchase more than necessary. This is costly for no apparent reasons. The company will also have to incur set up costs since the batches of sandals will have to begin after setting up the machines. Besides, the costs of designing the efficient processes that will oversee the production of singular units notwithstanding the pairs of sandals that is in a batch (Sharp McDermott, 2011). The costs in this case are able to enhance sustainability of the sandals. It is also important to notice that the company may also have to incur ove rhead costs associated with acquisition or maintenance of machines. These are output related costs since the efficiency of machines changes with the number of sandals that they produce. Finally, the company also ought to contend with costs associated with management of the plant, renting the plant and insuring the plant against various risks. These costs aim at sustaining the plant to enhance predictable and sustainable production of sandals. Impacts The impacts of the above costs are numerous and devastating to the wellbeing of the business. Huge costs reduce profitability and expansion of the company. The production of new Maui sandals is costly and this might affect the continuity of its production. It is important to consider this provision in a critical context. Pang clears her throat and then begins. Based on the experience of the company with previous new lines of footwear, it is estimated that first batch will take 1,000 labor hours to produce. Concurrently, the costs on an hourly rate average US$1.08. This is quite expensive and might affect the company negatively if the prospected sales are not realized. Based on the above analysis of the cost that could accrue the company, certain decisions will prove important before embarking on a fully-fledged production of Maui Sandals. Its impacts are devastating to the company despite the prospected benefits. All these should be informed by existence of demand for Maui Sandals. Besides, the company will have to invest on more machines, warehousing facilities, and shipping requirements. These are additional costs to the company that operates against the production of the new product lines. Additionally, it will force the company to enhance its marketing strategies (hence impact on costs) without which, competitors will dominate the footwear market despite the expenses that Shuzworld will incur. Cost Analysis Tool The choice for the cost analysis tool used in this context lied on its viability with regard to thi s case study. Firstly, the current challenges facing the company call for viable, stringent, and prospective decisions in the Shuzworld context. The tool is capable of addressing the assembly line issues, production challenges, soaring operational costs, reliability challenges, inventory challenges, customer service standards, and other viable organizational provisions. Since the company battles issues related to costs in the realms of machine operators, turnaround times, inventory challenges with regard to shoe laces, and shipping costs to the three operational warehouses, the analysis tool is obviously appropriate in this context. There are numerous provisions emerging from the cost analysis of Shuzworld. These provisions have necessitated the use of appropriate analytical tools as indicated before. The reasons lie on the applicability, appropriateness, and relevancy of the method used to the aspects of modernity and precision. Staffing Plan Recommendation Staffing Plan for Job Ma chine Operators Apparently, there is the need to have a staffing plan for job machine operators and the four assignments given to the new employee in the Strategic Planning department. This is in lieu of the truth that there is the requirement of skilled operators to meet the demand for women shoes. Currently, the four operators complete same task at different times. It is therefore possible to staff the plant to have uniform and predictable completion time and task (Sharp McDermott, 2011). Gruber (2003) explicates that finding the accurate number of staff can assist an organization to avoid unnecessary overhead expenses. Hiring so many workers may prove unfruitful and cost ineffective while too few laborers may become unproductive due to stress and overwork. To strike a balance, a staffing plan is important especially in Shanghai where the line manager attests that it would cost reduced amount of money if specialization were to take place. First, it is advisable to comprehend the current workforce’s productivity. This will entail keeping the right records of all the machine operators and understand the most productive. Besides, the company should be ready and willing to develop plans to train the workers. Friedman (2005) says that this will go a long way in ensuring that the manager is able to identify the bottlenecks of the entire footwear production system. Using the available statistics regarding the workers ability to fulfill specific task will help the line manager to get a glimpse of the average output of the workers. At Shanghai, the average number of footwear produced by worker should assist the manager to understand the entire work. Another factor that could influence the number of machine operators is the peak and low seasons. In particular, when the numbers of women footwear that require particular skills is high and when it is low. Given that the manager now understands the average output of workers, the next stop would be to calculate the requirements of labor and the exact number of workers that would cater for the needs of the customers during both the low and peak season (Sharp McDermott, 2011). In this case, it is important to retain those workers whose productivity is unquestionable. This assists the company to avoid overhead costs that result from training new employees. At this point, Shanghai plant should not consider increasing the number of machine operators since the current customers are very few for the company to hire more laborers. In case of a boom in the number of orders, it is advisable that the company should be able to contract new workers to deal with temporary increase of demand for footwear (Sharp McDermott, 2011). The recommendations applicable in this context regard the four machine operators and the four assignments given to the new employee in the Strategic Planning department. Firstly, for the company to enhance its output and efficiency, machine operator who work faster at a limited co st for a given job task should be allowed to only specialize in such tasks. For example, operator A can specialize in job 3 where he is efficient, operator B can go for job 2 while operator C and D can either go for job 1 or 4 as indicated on the table. Another recommendation is that the company should hire proficient machine operators to save time and cost. Additionally, new and efficient machines should be bought or some complex jobs can be outsourced. It is important for the plant to increase the efficiency of the workers within the plant. This will enhance the reduction of already many processes in the production of such products as the new sandal line. Besides, the plant ought to consider recruiting new laborers in the long-term to assist in the maintenance of machines as well as production of specific lines of production. The assembly lines should be adequately and appropriately staffed in order to enhance efficiency within the plants. Appropriateness will also help in meeting the inventory challenges noticed within the organization. Staffing Plan Output An evident output of the staffing plan is improved skills, efficiency, appropriateness, novelty, and creativity in the company. As mentioned earlier, to enhance effectiveness of the machine operators, the line manager should encourage specialization (Friedman, 2005). After the implementation of the plan, the company should be able to save at least 256. 28 hours that had initially been lost due to inefficiencies of machine operators. In addition, Shuzworld will reduce the labor costs in the long term due to deployment of new and highly skilled labor costs. Specialization and breaking down the tasks to suit each employee could reduce the company’s current inefficiencies. Additionally, the output of the factories will increase as indicated below. This is contrary to the initial figures. Additionally, there will be improvement on the efficiency of machine operators if the trends are changed. Factor y Capacity Warehouse Requirements Shanghai 1600 1 2500 Shuzworld H 3200 2 1500 Shuzworld F 3000 3 1800 Totals 7800 4 5800 Short-Term Scheduling Techniques Scheduling techniques provides the company with the demanded coherency in its endeavors. It is important to schedule the activities of the production systems in Shuzworld. As a short-term measure, the company should adopt an activity network technique in order to recognize the full efficiency of the project. This scheduling technique is also referred to as Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and it facilitates an organization’s ability to comprehend the bottlenecks and different sources of operational problems (Sharp McDermott, 2011). The technique is typical of a network of activities that a company would wish to complete given a specific timeframe. Shuzworld has myriads of activities in different plants that require to be completed under specified time. The company should therefore prioritize the ac tivities and the order for completion of a specified task. In addition, it should highlight the variables and risk factors that may present a challenge to the completion of a task (Monahan, 2000). When scheduling, activity network ought to be presented in a graphical way and may be an easy way for managers to pin point ineffectiveness of a system The activity network includes diagrams consisting of circles. The circles represent the activities such production of new sandal lines and subsequent time that the product would realized (Fischer, 2008). Connecting the circles are lines that depict the tasks and are identified in accordance with their respective timeframes. Shuzworld therefore stands to benefit from such a schedule in that; it will be able to identify the critical path in which an activity can be completed most efficiently. In other words, critical path is the longest path in the network and it implies that a problem in a specific line of production will ultimately cause a delay and an increase in the duration of critical deadline (Friedman, 2005). This means that the project will therefore be poised to delay substantially. As such, all tasks that fall in the critical path should receive attention and be evaluated frequently to improve their effectiveness. References Fischer, L. (2008). Excellence in Practice: Innovation and Excellence in Workflow and Business Process Management. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Publishers. Friedman, T. (2005). The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. New York, NY: Straus Giroux Press. Gruber, W. (2003). Modeling and Transformation of Workflows with Temporal Constraints. Birmingham: IOS Press. Monahan, G. (2000). Management Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ryan, K. (2009). Business Process Management (BPM) Standards: A Survey. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Sharp, A. McDermott, P. (2011). Workflow Modeling. Massachusetts, MA: Artech House Publishers. This essay on Shuzworld Company was written and submitted by user Laylah Reilly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Product Analysis Clinique 3 Step System Essays - Skin Care, Clinique

Product Analysis Clinique 3 Step System Essays - Skin Care, Clinique Product Analysis Clinique 3 Step System PRODUCT ANALYSIS PRODUCT AND BRAND NAME: Clinique 3-Step System MAJOR FEATURES AND CORRESPONDING BENEFITS OF PRODUCT: Clinique Facial Soap Features Benefits Unique soap formulated to Provides thorough specifically cleanse skin. cleaning and leaves skin comfortable. Cushioned lathering. Mild, gentle to skin. No wax fillers. Easy to rinse off. Hard-milled and generously Long lasting (3-4 months). sized (hard milling renders a A great value. solid bar without air). Clinically formulated by Soap is generally dermatologists. recommended by dermatologists as the best way to clean skin. Clinique Clarifying Lotion Features Benefits Exfoliation, which helps Skin appears smoother, speed the natural renewal softer with more light of skin cells. reflecting qualities. Contains Menthol. Provides a cool, refreshing feeling for the skin. Exfoliation, removes Allows better make-up dead skin cells. application. Make-up goes on smoother and stays on longer. Dramatically Different Moisturizing Lotion Features Benefits Lightweight formula. Comforts and soothes skin. Replaces lost moisture. Non-greasy formula. Leaves no residue. Penetrates into keratin layer. Replenishes moisture only Skin looks fresher and when needed. healthier. CURRENT ADVERTISEMENTS (MAJOR MEDIA SOURCES AND DOMINANT THEMES): Media Source Theme Mailer (McRaes Dept. Store) Free Gift/ 3-Step System Billboards (Paris Subway) 3-Step System Mademoiselle Magazine (Sept. 2000) Hair Care TOP TWO MAJOR COMPETITORS: 1. Origins 2. Estee Lauder The information was obtained from primary and secondary research. The primary sources were Jennifer Falcon, a Clinique Business Manager and Lori Hinton, a Clinique Consultant. The secondary source was attained from the Estee Lauder website. COMPARE YOUR PRODUCT TO YOUR COMPETITORS PRODUCTS (ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:) Clinique Origins Estee Lauder ADVANTAGES Price $29.50 $55.00 $57.50 Packaging Set Package Separate Separate Variety of Formula 5 Strengths 2 Strengths 1 Strength DISADVANTAGES UV Protection None SPF 15 SPF 15 Alcohol-free Contains alcohol No alcohol No alcohol Oil-free moisturizer Not oil-free Oil-free Oil-free CURRENT AVERAGE PRICE (OR PRICE RANGE) AND LOCATIONS OF SALE: Price = $29.50 Location= All major department stores (Ex: Bloomingdales, Dillards, Lord & Taylor, Macys, McRaes, Parisians, and Saks Fifth Avenue) OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION: The Estee Lauder Companies first launched Cliniques line of skin care in 1968. Cliniques mission has always been to meet individual skin care needs. Its 3-Step System of cleansing, exfoliating, and moisturizing is the basis of Clinique skin care. All Clinique products are allergy tested, 100% fragrance free, and created under the guidance of leading dermatologists. Clinique was the first to offer one-on-one consultations for clients and consultant training. Clinique was the first brand to discuss the need for daily sun protection. In 1973, Clinique became the first cosmetics brand to exhibit at the American Academy of Dermatology Convention. Clinique was one of the first prestige cosmetics brands to launch a website in 1996 and also the first to offer fully interactive shopping online in 1998. CREATIVE WORK PLAN KEY OPPORTUNITY: The research obtained for Clinique 3-Step System was acquired through primary and secondary sources. The primary sources consisted of interviews with a Clinique Consultant and Business Manager. Secondary sources of research were obtained from consultant workbooks, pamphlets published for consumers, and the Clinique website. The opportunity we discovered through our research is to achieve great looks you must have great skin. Clinique products are designed to address individual skin types and needs. TARGET MARKET: Demographics- Gender : Female Age : 13-45 yrs.old Marital Status/Household Size: NA Income : Any Educational Level : NA Occupation : NA Psychographics- Lifestyle : Interest : Concerns: ADVERTISING OBJECTIVE: The specific objective with regards to our ad is for the target market to believe the basis for any great look starts with great skin. Clinique 3-Step System is the answer to achieving it. STRATEGY FOR ACCOMPLISHING OBJECTIVE: To accomplish the advertising objective of great looks and great skin can be achieved with using Clinique 3-Step System, we will create a magazine ad that will be simple yet informative for our target market. The ad will be featured in a variety of magazines directed towards the target market. The magazines are Teen, Seventeen, Cosmopolitan, Mademoiselle, and Ladies Home Journal. CONSUMER RESPONSE STATEMENT: To have a great look and great skin, I need to use Clinique 3-Step. Clinique has a system that is specific to my skin needs.

Biography of Caroline Kennedy, American Author and Diplomat

Biography of Caroline Kennedy, American Author and Diplomat Caroline Bouvier Kennedy   (born November 27, 1957) is an American author, lawyer, and diplomat. She is the child of President John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier. Caroline Kennedy served as the U.S. ambassador to Japan from 2013-2017. Early Years Caroline Kennedy was just three years old when her father took the Oath of Office and the family moved from their Georgetown home into the White House. She and her younger brother, John Jr., spent their afternoons in the outdoor play area, complete with a treehouse, that Jackie had designed for them. The children loved animals, and the Kennedy White House was home to puppies, ponies, and Carolines cat, Tom Kitten. Carolines happy childhood was interrupted by a series of tragedies that would change the course of her life. On August 7, 1963, her brother Patrick was born prematurely and died the next day. Just months later, on November 22nd, her father was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Jackie and her two young children moved back to their Georgetown home two weeks later. Carolines uncle, Robert F. Kennedy, became a surrogate father to her in the years following her fathers death, and her world was rocked again when he, too, was assassinated in 1968. Education Carolines first classroom was in the White House. Jackie Kennedy organized the exclusive kindergarten herself, hiring two teachers to instruct Caroline and sixteen other children whose parents worked in the White House. The children wore red, white, and blue uniforms, and studied American history, mathematics, and French. In the summer of 1964, Jackie moved her family to Manhattan, where they would be out of the political spotlight. Caroline enrolled at the Convent of the Sacred Heart School on 91st St., the same school that Rose Kennedy, her grandmother, had attended as a girl. Caroline transferred to the Brearley School, an exclusive private girls school on the Upper East Side in the fall of 1969. In 1972, Caroline left New York to enroll at the elite Concord Academy, a progressive boarding school outside of Boston. These years away from home proved formative for Caroline, as could explore her own interests without interference from her mother or stepfather, Aristotle Onassis. She graduated in June 1975. Caroline Kennedy earned a bachelors degree in fine arts from Radcliffe College in 1980. During her summer breaks, she interned for her uncle, Senator Ted Kennedy. She also spent a summer working as a messenger and assistant for the New York Daily News. She once dreamed of becoming a photojournalist, but soon realized that being so publicly recognizable would make it impossible for her to surreptitiously photograph others. In 1988, Caroline earned a law degree from Columbia Law School. She passed the New York state bar examination the following year. Professional Life After earning her B.A., Caroline went to work in the Film and Television Department of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. She left the Met in 1985, when she enrolled in law school. In the 1980s, Caroline Kennedy became more involved in continuing her fathers legacy. She joined the board of directors for the John F. Kennedy Library, and is currently the president of the Kennedy Library Foundation. In 1989, she created the Profile in Courage Award, with the goal of honoring those who demonstrate political courage in a manner similar to the leaders profiled in her fathers book, Profiles in Courage. Caroline also serves as an adviser to the Harvard Institute of Politics, which was conceived as a living memorial to JFK. From 2002 to 2004, Kennedy served as CEO of the Office of Strategic Partnerships for the New York City Board of Education. She accepted a salary of just $1 for her work, which netted over $65 million in private funding for the school district. When Hillary Clinton accepted the nomination to become Secretary of State in 2009, Caroline Kennedy initially expressed interest in being appointed to represent New York in her place. The Senate seat was previously held by her late uncle Robert F. Kennedy. But a month later, Caroline Kennedy withdrew her name from consideration for personal reasons. In 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Caroline Kennedy to be U.S. Ambassador to Japan. Though some noted her lack of foreign policy experience, her appointment was approved unanimously by the U.S. Senate. In a 2015 interview for 60 Minutes, Kennedy noted that she was welcomed by the Japanese in part because of their memory of her father. People in Japan very much admire him. Its one of the ways that many people learned English. Almost every day somebody comes up to me and wants to quote the inaugural address. Publications Caroline Kennedy has co-authored two books on the law, and has also edited and published several other best-selling collections. In Our Defense: The Bill of Rights in Action (with Ellen Alderman, 1991)The Right to Privacy (with Ellen Alderman, 1995)The Best-Loved Poems of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (2001)Profiles in Courage for Our Time (2002)A Patriots Handbook (2003)A Family of Poems: My Favorite Poetry for Children (2005)A Family Christmas (2007)She Walks in Beauty: A Womans Journey Through Poems (2011) Personal Life In 1978, while Caroline was still at Radcliffe, her mother, Jackie, invited a co-worker to dinner to meet Caroline. Tom Carney was a Yale graduate from a wealthy Irish Catholic family. He and Caroline were immediately drawn to one another and soon seemed destined for marriage, but after two years of living in the Kennedy spotlight, Carney ended the relationship. While working at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Caroline met exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg, and the two soon began dating. They married on July 19, 1986, at the Church of Our Lady of Victory on Cape Cod. Carolines brother John served as best man, and her cousin Maria Shriver, herself newly married to Arnold Schwarzenegger, was her matron of honor. Ted Kennedy walked Caroline down the aisle. Caroline and her husband Edwin have three children: Rose Kennedy Schlossberg, born June 25, 1988; Tatiana Celia Kennedy Schlossberg, born May 5, 1990; and John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg, born January 19, 1993. More Kennedy Tragedies Caroline Kennedy suffered more devastating losses as an adult. David Anthony Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedys son and Carolines first cousin, died of a drug overdose in a Palm Beach hotel room in 1984. In 1997, Michael Kennedy, another of Bobbys sons, died in a skiing accident in Colorado. The losses hit closer to home, too. Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis died of cancer on May 19, 1994. The loss of their mother brought Caroline and her brother John Jr. even closer together than before. Just eight months later, they lost their grandmother Rose, the matriarch of the Kennedy clan, to pneumonia at the age of 104. On July 16, 1999,  John Jr., his wife Carolyn Bessette Kennedy, and his sister-in-law Lauren Bessette all boarded Johns small plane to fly to a family wedding on Marthas Vineyard. All three were killed when the plane crashed into the sea en route. Carolyn became the lone survivor of JFKs family.   Ten years later, on August 25, 2009, Carolyns uncle Ted succumbed to brain cancer. Famous Quotes Growing up in politics I know that women decide all elections because we do all the work. People dont always realize that my parents shared a sense of intellectual curiosity and a love of reading and of history. Poetry is really a way of sharing feelings and ideas. To the extent that we are all educated and informed, we will be more equipped to deal with the gut issues that tend to divide us. I feel that my fathers greatest legacy was the people he inspired to get involved in public service and their communities, to join the Peace Corps, to go into space. And really that generation transformed this country in civil rights, social justice, the economy and everything. Sources: Andersen, Christopher P.  Sweet Caroline: Last Child of Camelot. Wheeler Pub., 2004. Heymann, C. David.  American Legacy: the Story of John and Caroline Kennedy. Simon Schuster, 2008. â€Å"Kennedy, Caroline B.†Ã‚  U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, 2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/217581.htm. ODonnell, Norah. â€Å"Kennedy name still resonates in Japan.†Ã‚  CBS News, CBS Interactive, 13 Apr. 2015, www.cbsnews.com/news/ambassador-to-japan-caroline-kennedy-60-minutes/. Zengerle;, Patricia. â€Å"U.S. Senate confirms Kennedy as ambassador to Japan.†Ã‚  Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 16 Oct. 2013, www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-japan-kennedy/u-s-senate-confirms-kennedy-as-ambassador-to-japan-idUSBRE99G03W20131017.

Media law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media law - Essay Example In spite, cyber law tries to integrate the problems caused by individual actions in the cyber space with better set of laws prevailing in the societies. This illustration of the particular crisis can be without difficulty settled by means of numerous set of laws. The global convenience of Internet means that it has no lawful authority but has to de facto the control over these actions. The cyberspace myth admits the challenges in deciding the authority of an online agreement. A wide range of concerning issues has been applied to launch the jurisdiction of an agreement carried out by the electronic media. The general myth concerning the cyberspace is that internet has an innovative jurisdiction in which the present polices and systems apply. All the players concerned in internet operations exist in the present authority. Much of the rules and regulation is conflicting, very difficult or is not possible to obey. The worldwide outlook of the primary lawful issues emerged by the arrival of the internet as a global media of communication device. The universal tendencies in the advancement of the lawful matters are addressed and the efficiency of possible instrument for the lawful variation is related to the internet rules. Internet governance is the growth request by governments, the personal segment and the public in particular positions of the shared values, rules, regulations and managerial principles where the programmers’ form the growth and make use of the internet. One of the treasured fallacies regarding the cyberspace is that Internet is completely decentralized and naturally unmanageable. Also, there are two wide governance problems lifted by the Internet. The first one is that how the Internet handled itself in a scientifically difficult worldwide communication system. Secondly, how to lawfully manage actions carried out on the Internet. In any of the network several

International HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International HRM - Essay Example It is a given fact that different forms of expatriate assignments are very important to any corporation that has presence in different nations for functional success (Adler, 1983). Incorporating any expatriate to the functional as well as the developmental environment of an organization is also necessary to ensure that expatriate has a healthy working atmosphere around him or her. Many researchers and HR professionals are interested in understanding how to facilitate expatriate adjustment in order to make sure that the global projects that invariably involved a considerable amount of investment prove to be successful. Many different factors are involved in expatriate adjustment and it is the responsibility of the human resources management to facilitate this process. This study aims to explore the various actions that the HR can take to facilitate expatriate adjustment in a smooth manner. Many researches from consultancies (GMAC, 2006) have shown a consistent and substantial growth i n the number of people who have been sent abroad by their employee. In light of this, it is necessary to understand the different ways in which an organization can ease the process and make it comfortable for the employees to adjust to a different country and organizational set up. According to the model of international adjustment developed by Black, Mendenhall and Oddou (1991), expatriate adjustment has three inherent domains; one is adjustment to an overseas workplace, adjustment to interacting with the host nationals and adjustment to the overseas work atmosphere. As per the research done by Navas et al (2007), there are six domains that are crucial in expatriate adjustment, and they are politics and government, work, economics, social relations, family relations and ideology. According to Navas, the domains are listed based on the increasing resistance to change. For example, employees would easily adjust to the government rules, work, economics and so on, but they would not ea sily adjust the belief, value systems and ideology of the host country. The Human Resources department can decide on working on each of these aspects based on the tenure as well as the previous experience of the employees. Expatriate adjustment has a good influence on the performance of the employees and if there are, some issues related to adjustment there are high chances that the performance may get affected in various degrees. In this study, the various factors that need to be addressed by the HR in order to ensure a smooth a transition. Choice of the Right Person Before the decision related to selecting an employee for an expatriate assignment is made, it is necessary to explore different aspects. One such aspect is flexibility. It is necessary to understand the level of flexibility that an employee brings in to the organization (Feldman and Thompson, 1993). If an employee finds it difficult to work in different groups or teams within the same organization in the same location, there are chances that he or she may find it even more difficult to adjust in a foreign location. Hence, the HR personnel should ensure that the person has displayed a good amount of flexibility in their current roles before sending them for an overseas assignment. It is also important to understand the manner in which employee responds to change in the organization. In addition, it is also necessary to test the aptitude of the person to live abroad. The employee should be open to the idea of living in another country for the fixed tenure. In

Study Objective Essay Example for Free

Study Objective Essay Been working for more than two years at the Bank, I have come to understand that people really need a good consultation when deciding on what to do next in their lives especially when choosing a career. Some people have for so long worked on the things they have not learned at schools but still perform well because they love the jobs while some, even got degrees in that fields, still find it difficult to focus on the job just because they do not have passion in it. I believe this could not have been worse, if these colleagues have initially been advised by profession counselor back when they were at schools to carefully look for their potentials and work their ways to success. My five week-trip for an exchange program to the States enabled me to discover more about the education system there and how students can access to wide varieties of information available to find the potentials within themselves and what schools or education institutions they should go to. There are school counselors and teachers who are willing to spare times discuss with students on what their study plans and the problems that might distract them from performing well. Given that I also hold a bachelor degree in Education, this has inspired me to devote my time pursue my Master degree in school counseling to come back and serve my country the same way those people in the States are doing. My study will focus mainly on the techniques of counseling with students at their young age related to their major selection and career planning. This year is the third time I assist the Fulbright and Undergraduate State Alumni Association of Cambodia to organize Major Career fair to provide clearer definitions of various university’s majors to high school students and the jobs they should expect to get in those fields. What I have observed from this fair is that those students are very interested and pay so much attention to what each speaker has to say about his/her experiences. I believe this is the rare occasion where they can listen to full descriptions of what they are going to study in the next 1 or 2 years ahead. My study, in the same way, will make me a qualified counselor to actually look into their inner self, find their real passions and provide them with the information they will need to get ready for their chosen futures. In addition, I will look into the emotional growth and relationship of the students with their family members especially parents. They both play an important role in the performance of their children in schools. In most Asian families especially Cambodian, family members tend not to show their loves and supports toward each other openly and as a result making the gap between them wider. Some parents are too busy with their business that they forget to look at how their children are doing at schools with friends while some trying too much to put pressure on their children to study what they do not really like. I am particularly interested in finding ways to engage family members in student’s activities in attempt that the students will not be involved in inappropriate actions with their peers. Hopefully, I can use what I have learned to introduce this concept to the school and family in so there would be less conflict internally that might affect the studies of the kids I want this study to provide me with sufficient qualifications to turn those kids who have already lose themselves in just the materialism society and who are no longer believe that education works to have faith in themselves, get up and start the journey with their classmates to realize their dreams and keep fighting. Apart from doing this as my job, I also plan to utilize these skills to the students in provinces where I volunteer myself to be guest speakers there. I am positive that the knowledge and skills, commitment and passion of mine supported by Fulbright are going to make this developing country full of rich human resources to continue to stay strong for years to come.

Types of Motivation Essay -- essays papers

Types of Motivation Before we can examine different theories of achieving student motivation we must understand what it is. An article from ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) pointed out an important distinction in types of motivation (1997): â€Å"Student motivation naturally has to do with students' desire to participate in the learning process. But it also concerns the reasons or goals that underlie their involvement or noninvolvement in academic activities.† These two types of motivation are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. If a learner is motivated intrinsically than they â€Å"learn for the sake of learning†. As opposed to an extrinsically motivated learner who will perform a task for external reasons such as good grades, prizes, etc. This difference is important to point out because different theories have different kinds of motivation as their final goal. One of the five theories that are going to be explored is problem-based learning. Problem Based Learning Often when sitting in any classroom either as a student or as a teacher one will invariably hear a student complain â€Å"when will I ever use this in real life?† This question occurs whenever a student is studying a subject that he/she did not choose for him/herself. Since high schools today do not allow students to pick and choose their classes, this is a huge problem in American high schools. Peter Ommundsen (1999) thinks that this inability to see the relevance of a subject to students’ lives in one the main obstacles in getting student motivation to increase. He presents the idea that to get students more involved one must use problem-based learning. â€Å"Problem-based learning (PBL) inspires students by involving them in meaningful activities rat... ...rstanding and Meaning by Students. (1994). North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Retrieved April 20th from the web: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/science/sc3learn.htm MacKinnon, M. (1999). CORE Elements of Student Motivation in Problem-Based Learning. In M. Theall (Ed.) Motivation from Within: Approaches for Encouraging Faculty and Students to Excel (pp.49-58). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. McCombs, B., & Whisler, J.S. (1997). The Learner-Centered Classroom and School. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Nakamura, R. (2000). Healthy Classroom Management. Australia: Wadsworth. Ommundsen, P. (1999). Problem-based Learning. In K. Ahmet & S. Fallows (Eds.), Inspiring Students: Case Studies in Motivating the Learner (pp.25-32). London, NJ: Kogan page. Reeves, D. (2002). The Daily Disciplines of Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Arthur Miller’s †The Crucible Essay

In 1953 Arthur Miller wrote a play entitled The Crucible, by writing this he aimed to challenge the assumptions of US society and led people to question each others responsibilities. In the 1950’s senator Joe McCarthy started to exploit the US fears of communism and organised a witch hunt. Miller would have seen this as similar to the Holocaust in the sense that people were being wrongly accused of being witches when they were not. Arthur was a Jew and so would have had sympathy with these people and this in my eyes was one of the key factors in the writing of this play. During the 17th century there was an outbreak in the belief of witchcraft in Europe. This led to mass immigration from Europe to America; the immigrants were Puritans and so set up their own strict Christian communities. This is how Salem, Massachusetts came into being. Miller’s characters convey my point through their change of personality from Act I through to Act IV. There are different types of change throughout the play such as change in character, beliefs and loyalty and these all occur at some point in the play to different characters. Proctor, a farmer, goes from a local, well respected man to a man accused of being in contact with the Devil. Abigail transforms from sweet and beautiful to malicious and evil. Hale on the other hand is bought into the play as a witchcraft ‘expert’, he ends up struggling with this particular case and so changes into a frail, old and weak man. Putnam is much like Proctor and his story throughout the play is much the same and ultimately ends in death. The first time Putnam is mentioned he is said to be ‘vindictive’, meaning he is sly and malicious. But there is a reason for this nature of his; Miller does say that Thomas Putnam is a man ‘with many grievances’. This quote alone says that his vindictive nature comes after a certain event in his life, this being that James Bailey (his son in law) had been turned down as minister of Salem. But this changes completely as the accusations of witchcraft come out from the woodwork, instead of being scarred by this grievance he turns to his controlling self. During Act I the Putnam family cry witchcraft on a certain Rebecca Nurse; this is all Thomas Putnam’s alter ego. The Nurses were the ones who ultimately prevented James Bailey from taking office in Salem and for Putnam, blackening the Nurse name would surely open the gateway for Bailey to become minister of Salem. So, at the start of the play Putnam is portrayed as the accuser, and rightly so. But as we go on through the play we see Putnam’s character change somewhat rapidly from the accuser to the accused. This is proven correct when in Act III Danforth says, ‘Mr Putnam, I have here an accusation by Mr Corey against you.’ This accusation alone shows how Putnam’s personality has changed from one extreme to the other; he has gone from accuser to the accused. This outlook on Thomas Putnam goes someway to describing how the whole ordeal in Salem has changed everyone and is bigger now than ever before. This shocks the audience as it shows that this whole ordeal in Salem is changing even the most respectable of men. The next character we see is Reverend Hale; he is brought in by Parris as a master of the supernatural arts, witchcraft. We are first introduced to Hale as, ‘Mr Hale is nearing forty, a tight-skinned, eager-eyed intellectual’. This makes the audience think straight away that Hale is a well respected and well educated individual who is very contempt with his job, to the extent he actually enjoys it. Miller described Hale as someone who, ‘†¦felt the pride†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. This shows Hale took pride in the fact he was sought after and good at his job, and a specialist in such areas. So, from how Miller describes Hale we see his willingness to be involved with this court and eager to show off his ability, as this improves his self esteem.. So it would be easy to assume that Hale would be a figurehead for the further Acts in the play, this is true to some extent, until Act III where Hale ultimately loses his head; he realises how much this case has affected Salem and its citizens, ‘I denounce these proceedings, I quit this court’. This quote itself lets the audience know how much the situation in Salem has blown up into something that never should have been. How it has all spurred from one accusation to a further ten, then at the end, over one hundred. It shows the audience how the situation has affected so many people and that Hale is the first to realise this. He, as a result, quits the court, this giving evidence to the statement that Hale’s personality has completely changed. At first he wants to be involved (the hero) and take pride in his work. But now, n Act III he gets as far away from the case as possible, it shows how the situation is changing people, and more so how it has changed Reverend Hale. Hale is now portrayed as a weak, deflated individual, lacking in personality. He goes from strong to frail and deflated. The audience watching this would feel confused at seeing this radical change in this holy moral figure.  Possibly the most important ambassador for change in The Crucible is John Proctor. We are first introduced to him during Act I, Miller describes John Proctor as, ‘†¦a farmer in his middle thirties. He need not have been a partisan of any faction in the town’

Philosophy of mind Essay

?The theory of Dualism refers to the idea that a substance is made up of two fundamental components; mind and matter. The mind component of Dualism refers to thinking and consciousness without an extension into space, whereas, the matter component of Dualism refers to a substance which pertains physical properties which extends into space. The essential essence of the mind is thought, while the essence of the body is extension, which is examined in Renee Descartes’ Six Meditation in which he explores the ontological distinction between mind and matter. Descartes argues that God only allows us to perceive that which exists, otherwise he would be known to be deceitful. Furthermore, one can perceive two separate entities as complete things whose principal attributes exclude one another, therefore, God can also separate these entities to allow them to exist without one another. This point goes on to demonstrate that if two entities can exist in separation, regardless of whether they do or they don’t, they really are distinct of one another. Ultimately, in relation to Cartesian Dualism, the mind cannot be perceived as a substance which pertains to an extension, and subsequently matter is clearly perceived as a substance to which the mind does not pertain. Descartes goes on to highlight that due to the aforementioned reasons, the mind and body can exist separate of each other, concluding that they are distinct. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa In response to Descartes’ input on Dualism, Jaegwon Kim essentially puts forward the idea that objects that are intangible, such as the mind, cannot interact with tangible objects located in space, however, they’re also unable to react causally to any other object as well. In essence, Kim aims to demonstrate that intangible things have an inability to form causal relationships in any manner with any object. Ultimately Kim suggests that due to intangible things inability to form causal relationships with other objects, it makes the ideas Dualism puts forward in relation to intangible objects, useless and invalid. Kim’s causal pairing problem causes trouble for the idea of Dualism and it renders it as useless and somewhat invalid for the reason that it demonstrates that intangible things such as the mind essentially are unable to interact with tangible objects as there is no correlation between causes and effects. Bibliography.

Biography of Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President

Biography of Andrew Jackson, 7th U.S. President Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767–June 8, 1845 and known as Old Hickory), was the son of Irish immigrants and a soldier, a lawyer, and a legislator who became the seventh president of the United States. Known as the first citizen-president, Jackson was the first non-elite man to hold the office. Fast Facts: Andrew Jackson Known For: 7th U.S. President (1829–1837)Born: March 15, 1767 near Twelve Mile Creek on the border between North and South CarolinaParents: Irish immigrants Andrew Jackson and his wife Elizabeth Hutchinson  Died: June 8, 1845 in The Hermitage, Nashville, TennesseeSpouse: Rachel DonelsonAdopted Children: Andrew Jackson, Jr., Lyncoya, and Andrew Jackson Hutchings Early Life Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in the Waxhaw community on Twelve Mile Creek on the border of North and South Carolina. He was the third child, and the first one born in the Americas, of his Irish immigrant parents, linen weavers Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson. His father died unexpectedly before he was born- some stories say he was crushed by a falling tree- and his mother raised he and his two brothers by herself. The Waxhaw community was made up of Scots-Irish settlers and five of Elizabeths married sisters lived nearby, so Elizabeth and her sons moved in with her sister Janes husband James Crawford, and she helped raise Janes eight children. All three of the Jackson boys took part in the American Revolution. Andrews older brother Hugh died of exposure after the Battle of Stono Ferry in 1779. Robert and Andrew witnessed the Battle of Hanging Rock and were captured by the British, catching smallpox while in Camden jail. Learning of their capture, Elizabeth made the trip to Camden and arranged for their release in exchange for some captured British soldiers. Robert died and while Andrew laid in a delirium, Elizabeth went to visit quarantined Waxhaw community members on board a ship in Charleston harbor. She contracted cholera and died. Andrew returned to Waxhaw but no longer got along with his relatives. He was a bit wild, burned through an inheritance, and then left Waxhaw for Salisbury, North Carolina in 1784. There, he studied law with other attorneys and qualified for the bar in 1787. He was appointed public prosecutor in middle Tennessee in 1788, and on the way there, fought his first duel and bought his first slave, a woman not much older than himself. Marriage and Family Jackson became a leading citizen in Nashville and married Rachel Donelson in 1791, who had previously been married. In 1793, the couple learned that her divorce was not yet final, so they repeated their vows again. The charge of bigamy would come to haunt them while Jackson was campaigning for president, and he blamed his opponents for causing the stress leading to her death in 1828. Together the Jacksons had no children, but they adopted three: Andrew Jackson Jr. (the son of Rachels brother Severn Donelson), Lyncoya (1811–1828), a Creek Indian orphan adopted by Jackson after the Battle of Tallushatchee, and Andrew Jackson Hutchings (1812–1841), the grandson of Rachels sister. The couple also took guardianship of several other related and unrelated children, some of whom only lived with them a short while. Legal and Military Career Andrew Jackson was a lawyer in North Carolina and then Tennessee. In 1796, he served at the convention that created the Tennessee Constitution. He was elected in 1796 as Tennessees first U.S. representative and then as a U.S. senator in 1797, from which he resigned after eight months. From 1798–1804, he was a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court. During his period as a justice, he managed his credit, bought slaves and a new parcel of land, and built The Hermitage, where he would live for most of his life. During the War of 1812, Jackson served as the major general of the Tennessee Volunteers. He led his troops to victory in March 1814 against the Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend. In May 1814 he was made major general of the Army, and on January 8, 1815, he defeated the British in New Orleans for which he was lauded as a war hero. Jackson also served in the 1st Seminole War (1817–1819), during which he overthrew the Spanish governor in Florida. After serving in the military and being the military governor of Florida in 1821, Jackson served in the Senate again from 1823–1825. Running for President In 1824, Jackson ran for president against John Quincy Adams. He won the popular vote but the lack of an electoral majority resulted in the election for Adams being decided in the House. The choice of Adams was popularly known as the corrupt bargain, an undercover deal giving the office to Adams in exchange for Henry Clay becoming secretary of state. The backlash from this election split the Democratic-Republican Party in two. The new Democratic party renominated Jackson to run for president in 1825, three years before the next election, with John C. Calhoun as his running mate. Jackson and Calhoun ran against incumbent John Quincy Adams of the new National Republican Party, a campaign that was less about issues and more about the candidates themselves: the election was characterized as the triumph of the common man over the elites. Jackson became the seventh U.S. president with 54 percent of the popular vote and 178 out of 261 electoral votes. The 1832 presidential election was the first to use National Party Conventions. Jackson ran again as the incumbent with Martin Van Buren as his running mate. His opponent was Henry Clay, whose ticket included vice presidential nominee John Sergeant. The main campaign issue was the Bank of the United States, Jacksons use of the spoils system, and his use of the veto. Jackson was called King Andrew I by his opposition, but he still won 55 percent of the popular vote and 219 out of 286 electoral votes. Events and Accomplishments Jackson was an active executive who vetoed more bills than all previous presidents. He believed in rewarding loyalty and appealing to the masses. He relied on an informal group of advisors called the Kitchen Cabinet to set policy instead of his real cabinet. During Jacksons presidency, sectional issues began to arise. Many southern states, upset over tariffs, wished to preserve states rights to overrule the federal government and when Jackson signed a moderate tariff in 1932, South Carolina felt it had the right through nullification (the belief that a state could rule something unconstitutional) to ignore it. Jackson stood strong against South Carolina, ready to use the military if necessary to enforce the tariff. In 1833, a compromise tariff was enacted that helped mollify the sectional differences for a time. In 1832, Jackson vetoed the Second Bank of the United States charter. He believed the government could not constitutionally create such a bank and that it favored the wealthy over the common people. This action led to federal money being put into state banks, which then loaned it out freely, leading to inflation. Jackson stopped the easy credit by requiring all land purchases to be made in gold or silver- a decision that would have consequences in 1837. Jackson supported Georgias expulsion of the Indians from their land to reservations in the west. He used the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to force them to move, even discounting the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia (1832) that said they could not be forced to move. From 1838–1839, troops led over 15,000 Cherokees from Georgia in a devastating march called the Trail of Tears. Jackson survived an assassination attempt in 1835 when the two derringers pointed at him didnt fire. The gunman, Richard Lawrence, was found not guilty of the attempt by reason of insanity. Death and Legacy Andrew Jackson returned to his home, the Hermitage, near Nashville, Tennessee. He stayed active politically until his death there on June 8, 1845. Andrew Jackson is considered by some as one of the United States greatest presidents. He was the first citizen-president representing the common man who believed strongly in preserving the union and in keeping too much power out of the hands of the wealthy. He was also the first president to truly embrace the powers of the presidency. Sources Cheathem, Mark. Andrew Jackson, Southerner. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press (2013).Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821. New York: Harper Row (1979).Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832. New York: Harper Row (1981).Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845. New York: Harper Row (1984).Wilentz, Sean. Andrew Jackson: The Seventh President, 1829–1837. New York: Henry Holt (2005).

Ap English Free-Response Questions Essay

John Downed writes a letter to his wife Jukes from the United States to England. Downers purpose in the letter is to persuade his wife Jukes into coming to America. He adopts an objective tone in order to glorify America in his letter to Jukes using ambiguity, repetition, and pathos. Downed begins his letter to Jukes by describing the incredibility of what America has given him. He then shifts to pathos when he begins using repetition. He appeals to repetition by repeating my dear when addressing Jukes. He does this in order to emphasize his feelings awards his wife through his writing. When Downed moves to pathos, he uses guilt to persuade her. He describes that without her and the family he couldnt be happy, but if they were to come and Join him he could be happy again. He does this in order to motivate her into coming. Keys husband then opens the letter by loosely describing the crossing of Atlantic. He states that [she] will find a few inconveniences, and that after she has made the Journey over he knows It will be worth it all because he feels that she will like America.He does this in order to glorify America and not focus on any negatives because his goal to persuade her. If he was to tell her fully what the cross would be like, she would not wish to go, and thus defeating Downers purpose. He wants her to believe that America is a good place, so he coaxed her into coming by creating America into something superb instead of the truth. He told her that America Is not like England, thus making it seems America is a better place. Jukes would have no other choice, but to come to America and see her husband.

Individual Report on Fashion and Leather Goods Essay

Individual Report on Fashion and Leather Goods - Essay Example The paper "Individual Report on Fashion and Leather Goods" concerns leather goods and fashion. For instance, City Fringe, an area located in the inner part of London comprised of about 189 fashion business firms. Among these almost every firm was recorded to be stagnant or in the struggling stage. In other words, the fashion business firms were somewhat unable to cope with the industry changes resulting in inefficiency in terms of productivity, pro-activeness, and competency. Due to this reason, a better effective investment plan was adapted by the market players in order to achieve their desired goal and reward a feasible amount of sustainability to the business. This paper therefore shall concentrate on the significance of micro and macro economic environment of the UK, related to the fashion market. It is basically due to the reason that fashion market trends categorised as luxury goods are highly depended on the issue of customer affordability and preferences. Hence, the influenc es of fluctuations arise in the micro and the macro environment of a particular business firm, i.e., LVMH. LVMH Moà «t Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA was incorporated in 1987 by merging two leading fashion business groups i.e., the Louis Vuitton and Moet-Hennessy. The group is among the world’s leading groups to trade luxury goods such as perfumes, cosmetics, wine and even designer fashion and leather goods. The company division related to the manufacturing and marketing of designer made fashion and leather goods.

Response Paper 1 - Enacted Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Cross-Cultural Ministry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Financial performance of microfinance institutions

Financial performance of microfinance institutions Financial Performance of Microfinance Institutions Abstract The paper investigates the financial attractiveness of microfinance institutions (MFIs). With the use of CAMEL methodology is the performance of MFIs analyzed. A comparison with G10 commercial banks shows†¦. Secondly, the systematic risk factors of MFIs are identified. The study * VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam Comments are welcome at: [emailprotected] Introduction This paper investigates the financial performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs) from the perspective of a foreign investor. Microfinance institutions offer a broad amount of financial products and services to people who lack access to traditional banking services, also called; ‘the unbankable. Starting from social driven performance measures, the microfinance industry has been arguably effective in reducing poverty worldwide. In the last decades the microfinance industry has developed into an alternative investment class. The sector is characterized by attractive returns, low default rates and an explosive growth. Nevertheless, there is only a small scientific basis about the promises microfinance offers as a financial investment class. The financial attractiveness of MFIs for investors is questioned within this paper. Through analyzing the performance of MFI with CAMEL ratings and identifying the systematic risk factors, enriches this paper the academic field of finance. The study starts from the findings of Krauss Walter (2008). Their empirical results show that MFIs have a low or non exposure with international commercial markets from developed nations. Microfinance investments are for investors thus useful for portfolio diversification. Besides the social benefit that social oriented investors gain, the question arises what is the potential financial gain for a foreign investor? Nonacademic sources present microfinance as a interesting alternative investment class for solely return oriented investors. Institutions as the Consultative Group to Assists the Poor (CGAP) are reporting profits twice as high as their local peers and returns on investments in some parts of the world between 117 and 847 percent (Little field Holtman, 2005). Gonzales Rosenberg (2006) presented evidence of MFIs that outperform commercial banks on the return on assets. The returns are combined with a repayment rate of loans of almost 100 percent. Group liability repayment systems realize the low default rates. The repayment schemes are typical for the microfinance industry since clients lack collateral for the provided loans. The numbers indicate a save investment with a high return for investors. Nevertheless, investors seem to be skeptic about investing in MFIs. As Krauss Walter (2008, p.6) righteously mention: â€Å" Investors appear to perceive microfinance as excessively risky relative to the returns it generates, partially due to a lack of viable foreign exchange hedges, absence of a solid track record, poor reporting standards, heterogeneous products and inadequate liquidity.† The Microfinance Exchange (MIX) tracks the performance of MFIs since 1998. The MIX is a platform which gathers and publishes financial and communal oriented (outreach) numbers of MFIs. The institutions deliver the data voluntary to the MIX. Of the approximately 10.000 MFIs worldwide, only a small percentage (around 8 percent) send reports to independent platforms as the Microfinance Exchange. The incentive to offer data is to attract more funds from investors (Hartarska Nadolnuak, 2008). The attraction of more funds leads to a higher amount of accessible capital for the low-income clients. A high return on investment is promised by MFIs to investors. In combination with the support to poor people, seems microfinance to be the commercial solution for worldwide poverty. In practice, this promise is only rarely fulfilled by the institutions, due to the high operating cost per client and the lack of knowledge and transparency within the institutions. Academic research is necessary to cl assify the sources of growth in microfinance institutions, thereby establishing a valid basis to assess the performance and risk of MFIs. The paper aims to increase the transparency and rationale behind the data of microfinance. Transparency is increased by presenting measures of performance of the institutions in relation with their domestic environment. MFIs are considered as emerging banks in developing countries. A comparison with commercial banks using adjusted performance methods is used as a starting point. Identifying the systematic risk factors within the domestic environment results in a valid basis to assess the performance of MFIs. The financial statements of the MFIs are downloaded from the MIX website. A drawback in microfinance related research is the low quality of the data. Although the MIX offers the best available set of data and puts serious efforts to increase the quality is the dataset relative young. The dataset contains annual data and is subject to subjectivity due to the voluntary basis and a lack of legislation and authorization in the nations were MFIs are effective. To deal with the low quality of the data this paper first checks till which extent the data makes sense. CAMEL ratings as an efficiency parameter are used SYSTAMTIC RISK The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section 1 reviews the literature of the microfinance industry and the recent developments. Section 2 describes the bank performance methodologies to assess the performance of banks. Section 3 describes a comparison of banking ratios between commercial banks and MFIs. Section 4 discusses the results on the performance drivers of MFIs as a result of the systematic risk of emerging nations. Section 5 concludes the paper with a discussion of the main findings found in this paper The Microfinance Promise The success of the book ‘Creating a world without poverty of Muhammed Yunus (founder of the Grameen bank in 1970 Nobel Prize Winner for the Peace in 2006), increased the awareness and popularity in microfinance. Microfinance refers to the financial products as savings, insurance, transfer services, microcredit loans and other products targeted at low-income clients. From origin is microcredit the key product of MFIs. Loans are used to develop local economies to banish poverty from the low-income communities. The difference between traditional banking and microfinance is the level of creditworthiness of clients. Low-income clients in microfinance lack collateral, structural employment and/or a verifiable credit history almost by definition. This disables them to meet the minimum creditworthiness requirements to gain access to traditional finance products and services. Microfinance clients are therefore often referred as: ‘the unbankable. The lending activities of MFIs are characterized as follows: 1) loans are solely available to members of the MFI; 2) loans are relatively small and generally unsecured; 3) assets and liabilities of the MFI are owned jointly by the members (the clients are the owners), 4) internal monitoring and social sanctions (group liability) are used to enforce the loan contracts (Skees Barnet, 2006). Microfinance institutions thus use group lending methods to guarantee repayment of the financial services which is a substitute for the lack of collateral. This innovative and reversed perspective on banking enables MFIs to provide financial support to the poorest people of the world. This considers 1 billion people worldwide or a potential of 1 billion clients. Reducing poverty worldwide is incorporated in the G8 millennium development goals. Microfinance is considered to be a proven way to realize this millennium goal. Judged against the profit maximization ideology of commercial banks in developed countries have MFIs a dual mis sion; reducing poverty worldwide while being financial sustainable (Drake Rhyne, 2002). The success of microfinance increased the interest of developed nations and the mainstream finance industry. Commercial organizations support initiatives in microfinance as an act of corporate social responsibility. For investors and financials is microfinance attractive for its low correlation with commercial markets. Real life examples are the diversification possibilities that pension and insurance funds find in microfinance (Krauss Walter, 2008). The balance between social and financial returns was studied by the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) in February 2008. The CGAP identifies a stream of private investors investing in microfinance with no particular interest in the social objective of MFIs since 2006. The entry of private investors in microfinance is seen as one the most important development since institutional investors noticed microfinance in the beginning of 2000. Before this period mainly governments, NGOs and charity funds invested and supported MFIs. In 2006 seventeen billion dollar of loans represented 10% of the potential microfinance market (Swanson, 2007). The money market return in that year was 5.8% in dollars and 3.2% in euros (Reille Foster, 2008). Although multiple sources report extreme returns on equity in microfinance, is investing in microfinance far from riskless. MicroPlace is the first online platform to trade in MFIs developed by Ebay. The average yield on a investment is 3% which matures in 3 years. In order to realize high net return on equity should organizations keep the operational cost low. Especially in the case of MFIs are operating cost high. Still lack of control and transparency makes investing in MFIs risky. Difficulty to comply with regulation standards, if any regulation framework is available MFIs act like banks, by collecting any in developed nations and from local communities and invest them in the area. Criticism is about the lack of transparency and knowledge in the sector. Databases consist of low quality accounting numbers and the absence of legislation, authorization in emerging economies aInsights in this industry will thus not only benefit the poor of the world, but also investors of the world as well as the lessons for the financial systems worldwide. The promise that microfinance offers is a reduction of poverty worldwide, with without any means of charity or subsidy (Cull, Demirguà §-Kunt Morduch, 2007). The poverty line is defined as having less than 2 dollar to spend on a daily basis. Group liability schemes are the response of MFIs to avoid the lack of traceable credibility and liquidity of clients. The group structure of loan repayment proves to secure high rates of repayment. Even with the lack of collateral or means of liquidity of the clients (Cull, Demirguà §-Kunt Morduch, 2007). The backside of this concept is that the industry is characterized by a high amount of transactional and operational cost due to monitoring cost. Also the high geographical distances and spread of clients, without technology standards or infrastructure to bridge these distance, increases the operational costs. A stereotype client of an MFI would be a woman (approximately 97% of all microfinance clients are woman), with a low level or non education. The idea that most clients are entrepreneurs is a biased view. Since microfinance believes in the strength and flexibility of people new entrepreneurial business arise, but everyone with a spendable income of less than 2 dollar a day, could be a client of an MFI. Grootte markt Although the loans and services provided are relative low is the amount of clients enormous. Ownership and governance (Call for legislation and authorization) Technology influences (Mobile phones) Microfinance for investors (brug naar bank performance en systematic risk) Portfolio diversification Return oriented (non academic article) not more than a T bill) Null hypothesis 3: MFIs dont generate excess returns more over equity indices. How to sustain credibility High fixed cost to monitor clients No collateral as a backup in case of default, so MFIs have to define risk management methods in order to control potential default rates. Bank performance From NGO to Commercial bank Null hypothesis 1: MFIs have the same banking ratios compared with commercial banks from G10 nations. Systematic risk of MFIs Impact of macroeconomic indicators on MFIs and visa versa Null Hypothesis 2: MFIs and macroeconomic indicators are not related. Microfinance business and investors MFIs have a different business model than traditional banks. This affects capital structure of the institution. The expectations of investors are also higher. A return hurdle is identified in †¦. Which state that investors expect return on equity of MFIs between 20-25 percent due to additional risk of the underdeveloped markets. Transaction costs are high for investors. Since most MFIs are not publicly tradable investors have to spend relative more time and effort to find, retrieve and monitor funds of MFIs. Exchange rates and effort to buy forgein shares in MFIs The lack of transparency creates information asymmetry Asymmetric information contributes to high transaction costs associated with underwriting, monitoring, and loss adjustment. The very same asymmetric information and transaction costs problems also plague financial markets in rural areas of low-income countries, contributing to high market interest rates. Market interest rates are also affected by default risk. Financial regulations can protect the interests of consumers by reducing information asymmetries. So Camel But for MFIs instead of commercial banks it is very difficult to diversify risk. Since most lenders have a business in agricultural oparetions a nature disaster or a change of policy within the domestic border affects almost the compete loan portfolio. For this reason it is important to understand the underlying sustamtic risk of an MFI with a nation. Bank Performance Measurement Measurement of the financial performance of banks increases the transparency of the banking sector in various ways. First, the performance indicators are warning signals for troubled banks. This increases the safety of the banking system. Secondly the indicators are useful tools for allocation decisions for investors. Especially in the case of MFIs, investors lack perfect information. Compared with developed nations the information asymmetry is greater, since commercial banks from industrialized countries have easy accessible and reliable performance indicators. Monitoring MFI performance decreases the information asymmetry gap for investors, which helps MFIs to attract more funds and increase their performances. A performance model assesses the efficiency of the organization. Efficiency is the ratio of the effective or useful output to the total input of a system. Different methods are available to measure the efficiency of banks. Statistical and intelligent techniques to model bank performance models are extensively reviewed by Kumar Ravi (2009). The most common approaches are data envelopment analysis (DEA) (Liu, 2009) and CAMEL analysis (Cole Gunther, 2008). DEA is a non parametric method which uses linear programming to measure multiple in- and outputs of business units. The business units are compared through creating an efficient frontier of best performing business units. DEA is mainly used to asses the internal efficiency of a bank. On-site examinations are the most precise way to monitor the performance of a bank. In developed nations are banks assessed between every 12-18 months. The ratings are known to CAMELS ratings according to their functional areas: capital adequacy, asset quality, management quality, earnings strength and liquidity. The performance of each area is rated on a 5 point scale (1 strong performance, 2 satisfactory performance, 3 performance that is flawed to some degree, 4 marginal performance that is significantly below average, 5 unsatisfactory performance that is critically deficient and in need of immediate action). From the 5 areas is a composite overall rating constructed. The Commercial Bank Examination Manual produced by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System qualifies an institution consequently as; 1 an institution that is basically sound in every respect, 2 an institution that is fundamentally sound but has modest weaknesses, 3 an institution with financial, operatio nal, or compliance weaknesses that give cause for supervisory concern, 4 an institution with serious financial weaknesses that could impair future viability, 5 an institution with critical financial weaknesses that render the probability of failure extremely high in the near term. Although the CAMEL approach is widely used, Cole Gunther (2008) point out that the reliability of the ratings decays rapidly once published. To deal with the diminishing value of CAMEL ratings, they offer a method to create CAMEL rating based on accounting data. The off-site examination of the CAMEL rating performs better after two quarters since the last on site assessment. The CAMEL approach is a suitable starting point to asses MFI performance, since MFI data is only published annually. The rating enables to benchmark multiple MFIs and filter credible and well performing institutions from the dataset. CAMEL offers thereby the possibility to incorporate the social objective of MFIs within the performance model. Besides CAMEL are seven approaches established to measure MFI performance. The Global Development Research center describes all approaches which find their origin from private and commercial initiatives to rank MFIs. The ACCION Camel approach is comparable to the measuremen t as suggested above. An overview of the systems: PEARLS rating system. This is a rating system developed for credit unions by the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU). ACCION Camel. The evaluation guideline for MFIs developed by ACCION International. Girafe rating system. Developed by PlaNetFinance. MicroRate. Developed by Damian von Stauffenberg of MicroRate. MicroBanking Bulletin/ MicroBanking Standards Project. Funded by the Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest (CGAP). The Philippine Coalition for Micro-finance Standards.Developed a set of performance standards to serve as guidelines or benchmarks to assess the operations of NGOs involved in microfinance. Institutional Performance Standards and PlansDeveloped by the Committee of Donor Agencies for Small Enterprise Development and United Nations Capital Development Fund. CAMEL is suggested as most suitable for investors. The reliance on qualitative measurement through interviews with the MFIs management is a drawback of the above mentioned methods. Although interviews are useful to assess the performance of an institution, it does not allow investors to asses the institution based on free available information (for example from MIX markets). The CAMEL approach offers an objective evaluation method to assess the performance on quantitative measures. CAMEL is thereby widely recognized as a well performance rating method of financial institutions. The areas of the CAMEL approach are defined, but the indicators to generate the rating of the areas vary per organization or study. Microfinance has a different banking perspective compared with traditional banking. To adjust for this basic principle the set of accounting indicators for the CAMEL model is different, compared with models of traditional banks. ACCION is a rating agency which uses CAMEL to measure the performance of MFIs. A combination of qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (accounting data) analysis is used to rate the institutions. The present study solely uses quantitative measures to assess MFI performance. The indicators are adjusted to the amount of the gross loan portfolio to adjust for company size. Capital adequacy is measured by the amount of total equity and the amount of leverage within the organizations. A higher amount of equity reduces the probability of the occurrence of insolvency. A higher reliance on debt increases the financial pressure on the institution. Leverage reduces therefore the overall CAMEL score. Asset quality indicates the quality of the loans. The write of ratio of the loans and the not winnable loans in 30 days, reduces the quality of the assets. The ACCION model and the model of Cole Gunther (2008) do not include a quantitative measure of management. The current study measures the way the management uses the financial resources efficiently to provide as many loans with the same resources. Better management should be able to reach more clients (possibly with a higher amount of an average loan). Operational self-sufficiency is a measure of overall financial performance of the management. The ratio of operational expenses and loan portfolio presents how effective the management distributes loans to clients. This serves as a proxy for the objective of MFIs to reduce poverty. Secondly is the amount of active borrowers an absolute measure of how many clients the management reaches compared to the financial resources. The average loan balance divided by the GNI of the domestic nation indicates how much a MFI offers to clients within the local context. Earnings strength is the most important for return oriented investors. Return on assets and equity are a widely accepted measures of financial performance. Profit margin is included as a profitability measure of the services offered by the institution. Liquidity is a measure of how well an institution deals with short term cash flows and needs. Unfortunately the database only provides annual information of balance sheets. Specific (short term) cash flow information is not available. Liquidity represents the ability of an institution to meet obligations as they come due. In order to create a proxy for liquidity, data is gathered to determine till which extent institutions can meet loan requests of clients. Two ratios are calculated. The first represents the growth of the assets compared with the growth in the total loan portfolio. The second ratio focuses on the growth of equity compared with the growth in the total loan portfolio. If the ratios are above one, institutions are able to meet the obligations of new loans on a short term basis. An overview of the indicators used in the present study is given in table X, together with the expected effect on the overall CAMEL score. BEKIJK CLEAM Winker Tank, 2008 Exponential weighting is used to include past performances of institutions into the model. Other CAMEL models do not incorporate the time dimension, but past performances are a reliable proxy for future performance. Capital adequacy is for example calculated as: CA1 and CA2 are the camel scores on the indicators as discussed above, is the weight of the indicator within the specified CAMEL area. This will be normally equally distributed over the amount of parameters. The is the degree to which the past years taken into the equation. N is the amount of years of available data of MFI performance. The overall CAMEL score is constructed by an equal or adjusted weighting of the five performance areas. The sums of the weights of the indicators have a maximum of 1. Regarding the social objectives of MFIs a distinction is made between solely return oriented investors and more social oriented investors. A customized CAMEL rating on the preferences of an investor is created by shifting the weights of the areas, yielding the CAMEL rating which reflects the preferences of the investor. Within this study we will use an equal weight distributing, a distribution which stresses the financial performance (ES) and a rating which focuses on the social objectives (MQ). Two words of caution have to be made with the use of the current model. The comparability of the ratings is not straight forward when investors adjust weights to their preferences. Traditional CAMEL models use always an equal weighting over the areas, to grant comparability. Secondly, in line with Cole Gunther (2008) the CAMEL ratings are a not interchangeable with the CAMEL based on on-site visits. For investors the model designed for MFIs provides a reasonable indicator to determine the quality of MFIs on various aspects and should be seen complementary with the on site visits. Summarizing, CAMEL is used as a starting point to measures the financial performance of MFIs. Specific indicators are chosen to adjust for the special case of a microfinance institution. The ACCION CAMEL model provided a first start for the current model. The solely quantitative model incorporates proposes a measure for effective management of an MFI, as a reflection of the social objective of MFIs. Secondly the model also considers past performance of MFIs with the use of exponential weighting. Thirdly the model enables to provide weights according to the investor preferences. For MFIs the model presents indicators which could be embedded in the MFIs performance goals. This way MFIs could attract more funds necessary through establishing a better rating and so, become more attractive for investors. In the appendix are the CAMEL rating for the indicators specified. Systematic risk in microfinance Sentivity to market risk as a extension of the CAMEL model. Descriptive statics are used to compare the performance of MFIs with commercial banks. Banking ratios of commercial banks of the G10 are used as a benchmark. The comparison of banking ratios provides a glance of the performance of the MFIs. The return on assets (RoA) and on equity (RoE) is compared to give an indication of the profitability of MFIs. The outstanding loan portfolios and write off ratios, provide a view of the riskiness MFIs, since micro credit represents the largest product class with microfinance. Leverage is used as an additional proxy for the riskiness of the organizations. Operational costs are compared to get a feeling for the efficiency of MFIs. According to Krauss Walter (2008) is the performance of MFIs mainly driven by macroeconomic factors within the domestic borders. The drivers of the financial performance of MFIs are studied with the use of the arbitrage pricing model (APT). The asset pricing model is used to determine the risk premiums of the macro economic factors of MFIs within the nation. Roll Ross (1995) find that the return on assets or equity consists of a system of risk factors. The systematic risk factors are macroeconomic factors. The expected return on a portfolio of assets is given by The betas on the factors represent a risk premium for a systematic risk factor. The alpha, as a residual idiosyncratic factor is canceling out in large portfolios. By using the linear multi factor model an indication of the impact of the macroeconomic factors is revealed on the performance of MFIs. The factors incorporated in the model are the growth of GDP, GNI, inflation and the penetration of the financial sector within the nation. In line with the